The name of the city comes from the name of the river. The etymology of hydronym Moscow is not exactly established. Recently, hypotheses about the Baltic, Slavic origin of the name of the river have become widespread among specialists. In Slavic and Baltic versions the original meaning of the word was "liquid, hot, raw, slush".

The version about Finno-Ugric origin draws an explanation from different languages: the mosque's komi are "cow, chick," the merian mask is "bear," and the bibalti-finnish must is "black, dark." Currently, this version has very few supporters. Lingvist M. Fasmer called the failure attempts of ethymology from Finno-Ugric, V. P. Nerzok, admits them to be unsubstantiated. The objections are due to the following facts:

• The most ancient form of oiconym, recorded in the sources, is ignored: "Moscow";
• The failure to explain the Moskva hydronim from the Komi language: Komi had never lived in a territory close to the river;
• The Mari "mask" is borrowed from the Russian word "sword" - "female bear" in the XIV-XV centuries;
• The inconsistency of ethymology with Baltic-Finnish is that each part of the name is explained from different languages, which are separated from each other: "Musta" is from Finnish, "-va" from Komi.

Geographic Location

View of Moscow and suburbs from LandSat-7, August 2007

View of Moscow from the International Space Station, January 29, 2014

Moscow is located in the center of the Eastern European Plain, between the Oki and Volga rivers, at the junction of the Smolensk-Moscow Highlands (in the west), the Moskvoretsk-Oak Plain (in the east) and the Meshcherskaya lowland (south-east). The city is located on the Russian Plate, part of the Eastern European Platform; north and north-east of Moscow is Moscow's sineclysa, the largest depression in the central part of the Eastern European Platform. As of January 1, 2014, the city is 2,561.5 km², approximately one third of the area (about 900 km²) is located within the ring motorway (MKAD).

The highest point is located on the Teplosta hill and is 255 m, the lowest point is near the Besedinské bridges, where the river Moscow leaves the city (the height of this point above sea level is 114.2 m).

The city is located on both banks of the river Moscow, in its middle stream. In addition to this river, there are several dozen other rivers in the city (tributaries of Moscow), the largest of which are Skhodnya, Khimka, Presnya, Neglinnaya, Yauza and Nishchenka (left tributaries), and Setul and the City (right-wing tributaries). There are many other reservoirs in Moscow: there are about 150 small rivers and streams within the MKAD, many of which run through collectors, and about 240 open ponds (ponds and lakes).

Moscow is in the ICC hour zone (Moscow time). The applied time offset relative to UTC is +3:00.

According to the time and geographical longitude used, the average sunny noon in Moscow is 12:30.

Distance from Moscow to major cities (by direct/road, km)
S-Z	Saint Petersburg ~ 618 / ~ 696 Veliky Novgorod ~ 486 / ~ 538 Tver ~ 161 / ~ 177	Arkhangelsk ~ 998 / ~ 1291 Vologda ~ 403 / ~ 459 Yaroslavl ~ 234 / ~ 264	Kirov ~ 787 / ~ 943 Kineshma ~ 323 / ~ 401 Ivanovo ~ 239 / ~ 302	S-V
Z	Smolensk ~ 375 / ~ 414 Vitebsk ~ 479 / ~ 543 Minsk ~ 687 / ~ 750 Warsaw ~ 1156 / ~ 1462		Vladimir ~ 173 / ~ 187 Nizhny Novgorod ~ 393 / ~ 427 Kazan ~ 720 / ~ 830 Vladivostok ~ 6974 / ~ 9207	To
S-Z	Kaluga ~ 152 / ~ 173 Bryansk ~ 343 / ~ 401 Kiev ~ 747 / ~ 898	Tula ~ 173 / ~ 183 Lipetsk ~ 376 / ~ 459 Voronezh ~ 463 / ~ 529 Kharkov ~ 642 / ~ 749 Rostov-on-Don ~ 952 / ~ 1092	Tambov ~ 413 / ~ 463 Saratov ~ 729 / ~ 853 Volgograd ~ 907 / ~ 966 Astrakhan ~ 1284 / ~ 1404	S-V

Climate

The climate of Moscow is moderately continental, with a clear seasonal character. Winter (with an average daily temperature below 0 °C) lasts about 4 months on average, from the second decade of November (10 November) to the second decade of March (20 March). Daytime temperatures return to positive values on March 5. During the calendar winter, short (3-5 days) periods of severe frosts (with night temperature up to -20 °C, rarely up to -25..-30 °C) may be observed. However, in December and early January, the temperature of -5..-10 °C rises to 0 °C and above, sometimes reaching +5..+9 °C. According to VDNKh weather station (1981-2010), the coldest month of the year is February (its average temperature is -6.7°C). Spring seasons vary in duration from year to year and can range from 1 to 3 months. In some cases, summer temperatures are recorded in early April, while cold returns occur between late May and early June. Summer (with a daily temperature above +20 °C and an average daily temperature above +15 °C) lasts about 3.5 months, from the third decade of May (May 23) to the end of August (August 29), the day temperature often reaches 30 degrees ( on average 6-8 days per season, in 2010 - continuously 1.5 months). The 35-degree mark over the last 30 years has been reached 18 times, 16 of them in 2010. The warmest month is July (its average temperature between 1981 and 2010 is +19.2°C). Autumn in Moscow is long, begins in early September, ends in mid-November - early December, when the average daily temperature becomes stable below 0 °C. Often the temperature after the start of the weather winter returns to positive values, the snow cover completely falls.

The average annual temperature in the city is +5.8°C as observed from 1981-2010. The warmest year in the history of meteo surveillance in the capital was 2019 - the average annual temperature was +7.8 °C, the average daily maximum: +11.5°C (with average positive temperatures for months recorded including March, November and December). The warmest year was 2015, when the average temperature was +7.4°C. The coldest year in the capital is 1888 (+1.7°C). According to 1961-1990 observations, the average annual temperature was +5.0 °C. The average annual wind speed is 2.3 m/s. The average annual humidity is 77%, in December it reaches 85%, in May it drops to 64%.

The highest air temperature for the 130-year observation period was observed on July 29, 2010 and amounted to +38.2°C at the VDNKh meteorological station, +39.0°C at the Balchug meteorological station in the city center and at Domovo airport the period of abnormal heat. The lowest temperature was recorded on January 17, 1940 and was -42.2°C (TSSA meteorological station), at the Moscow metestation - VDNKh — the absolute minimum was -38.1°C (January 1956) .

Over the year, 600-800 mm of atmospheric precipitation occurs in Moscow and the surrounding area, most of it during the summer period. Precipitation levels vary in a fairly large range, possibly both large (for example, in July 2008, 180 mm of rainfall) and small (for example: only 13mm of rain fell in July 2010). The duration of the day varies from 7 hours 00 minutes on December 21 to 17 hours 34 minutes on June 21. The maximum sun height above the horizon is from 11° on December 21 to 58° on June 21.

The average annual number of hours of sunshine is 1,731 hours (the average for the period 2001-2010 was more than 1,900 hours).

Fogs and thunderstorms are a frequent occurrence in Moscow. From time to time, abnormal weather events such as hurricanes, heavy downpours and even tornadoes occur in Moscow. On the night of 20-21 June 1998, the capital was hit by one of the most devastating hurricanes in the history of the city.

Vegetation

Krylatsk hills

In the area of greenery, Moscow is comparable to the most "green" cities in the world, Sydney and Singapore. There are 436 parks and landscapes in Moscow. The greenery covers 54.5% of the city's area.

In Moscow there are such forest and park areas as Izmailovsky Park, Timiryazevsky Park, Filevsky Park (forest park), Moscow Park, Ljublin Park, Butovsky Forest Park, Botanical Garden, Neskutsk Garden, Bittsev forest park, Tsaritsyno and Kolomenskoe nature reserves, Kuzmin forest park, Kuskovo forest park and others.

Also within the city is part of the Natural National Park Losiny Island, a lot of squares and recreational areas.

Animal world

Moscow's fauna is diverse. For example, the Losi Island National Park houses not only squirrels, hedgehogs and rabbits, but also larger wild animals such as wild boar and moose, stained deer. There are also predators - fox, mink and stoat. Wild ducks and herbs are found in the Upper Yauz part of the Oldline, and rare pheasants and gray curopats are found. Since Ivan the Terrible Losier Island has been under special protection, first as a royal hunting ground and since 1983 as a natural national park.

There are also many wild animals in the Bitzevsky forest: hedgehogs, butterflies, and even bats, so rare in the capital; rabbits are white and Russak, polevka, caresses, proteins. They come from the Moscow region of the moose and the boar. The duck's chicks are brought out, the crust is nesting.

National park "Losiny Island"

There is a rare animal in Moscow, such as peanut sonia. In Moscow, her hideouts were found in the Bittsevsky Forest, the Losinostrovsky Forest Park, the Izmailovsky Forest. Rare is also a black ferret, living in the valleys of rivers where forests, meadows and bushes cross the banks. The stationary dwelling is located in several places of the city: at the Black Lake, in the valley of the r. Similar, as well as in the Krylatskaya and Brateyevskaya floodplains (from 1985 to 2000).

Zaitsev in Moscow can be found in the Izmailov forest, Kuzmin forest park, in the Bitsevsky forest and Silver Boru. Lasok - in forest: Losiny Island, Izmailovskiy, Kuzminsky, Biryulyovskiy, Bittsevskiy, Fili-Kuntsevsky forest parks; in the valleys of rivers: Mercury, Black, Alyoshinki, Chechens, Setuni, Ramenki, Bratovki, Hodni, Klyazma; in the floodplains: Maryinsk, Brateyev, Mnnevnikovskaya, Skhodnya's cup; and the West Bank of the Khimki Reservoir.

There is the Red Book of Moscow - it lists rare and endangered species of animals in the territory of Moscow. It mentions common, forest neopyr, stoat and caress, white hare and rusak hare, peanut sonia and forest mouse, an ordinary hamster.

Moscow's largest predator is a fox, inhabited by the Losiny Island Park, Kuzmin Forest Park, Bitzevsky Forest, and others.

Among the birds there is a big and small drink, a gray duck, an ordinary gogol, a black crust and the moonlight, the quail, the sappan and the pamper, the cobbler and the bald, the cebis, the becas and the waldshnep, the gulls are small, the lakes, the sisai, the v, and a hump, a swampy and swamp owl, a homemade sic, a pigeon, a sparrow, and a raven. It's also an ordinary goat, a winter nugget, a gray and green woodpecker, and even a coastal swallow.

Ecology

Moscow refinery

The environmental situation in Moscow is affected by the dominance of the western and northwestern winds in the city. The quality of urban water resources is better in the northwest of the city, upstream of the Moscow River. An important factor in the improvement of the city's ecosystem is the preservation and development of squares, parks and trees within the yards affected in recent years by the site development.

Environmental monitoring in Moscow is carried out by 39 automatic stationary stations, which control the air content of 22 pollutants and its total pollution level.

High levels of air pollution are found near major highways and industrial zones; Especially in the center, in the eastern and southeastern parts of the city. The highest level of air pollution in Moscow is observed in the regions of Capotnya, Kosino-Ukhtomsk and Maryino, due to the Moscow refinery, Lyuberetsk and Kuryanov aeration stations.

Among the sources of pollution in Moscow, the exhaust gas of motor vehicles is the first. The air is also polluted by thermal power plants, factories and factories, and the evaporation of the splintered asphalt.

According to the Mercer consulting company, Moscow is recognized as one of the most polluted capitals in Europe (for example, in the 2007 ranking Moscow was ranked 14th in the level of pollution among the capitals of the world).

See also: Historical photos of Moscow

First settlements

The age of Moscow is not known for sure. The first settlements were established in Moscow during the Neolithic era, about 8 thousand years BC. Tsaritsyn Park is home to a mid-bronze-age settlement of the Fatian culture, and Bronze-era settlements are known in the area of Borovitsky hill. Since the end of the 1st millennium A.D., Slavs have settled in the district of modern Moscow: Vyatichi and krivichi. The Vyatichi were the majority of Moscow's original population. Archeological excavations carried out in the Kremlin region indicate that there was already a settlement protected by a shaft and a ditch in the 11th century, allowing it to be classified as a city.

The first chronicle mentions the Ipatyevskaya chronicle on Friday April 4, 1147, when the Rostov-Suzdal Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy accepted his friends and allies in the town called Moskov, led by the Novgorod-Severskiki Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich. In 1156 new wooden fortifications were built here. The total area increased by 3-4 times. Moscow is mentioned as Kuchkov in the Novgorod birestyaniye (birch-tree) of the 12th century. The most ancient Cyrillic inscription on the territory of Moscow is found on stone form for casting metal Georgians, found under the 14th corps of the Kremlin in the cultural layer of the end XII - the first third of XIII century.

In 1237-1238, during the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia, Moscow was looted and burned, but it was soon restored.

Moscow is the capital of the Principality

Tokhtamish's invasion of Moscow. 1382

In the second half of the XIII century under Prince Daniel Alexandrovich (the younger son of Alexander Nevsky) Moscow became the center of the independent separate principality. The city's location at the intersection of trade routes has contributed to its growth and elevation. In the beginning of the XIV century the Moscow possessions expanded, to them were joined by the Kolomensk and Mozhai principalities.

In the XIV century the further rise of Moscow as a new all-Russian center is taking place. Starting from Yuri Danilovich Moscow princes carried the title Grand Prince Vladimir, considered the supreme within North-East Russia and Novgorod. In 1325 the residence of the Metropolitan was transferred to Moscow, and in 1589 the Moscow Patriarchy was established.

Under Prince Ivan I Danilovich Kalit, a large-scale construction was carried out in Moscow, the first stone buildings appeared (until then the city was completely wooden). In XIV-early XV century Moscow was a large trade and craft city; It included the Kremlin, China-City, and Slobod in Zamoskvorechye, Zaneglimene, and Zayauzye.

Russian Kingdom

The capital of the united Russian state

At the end of XV century under Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich Moscow becomes the capital of the Russian state. The new status has contributed to the growth of the city and the development of the country's economic and cultural center. Industry and crafts have developed: Manufacture of weapons, fabrics, leather, pottery, jewelry, construction. The Cannon and Printed courtyard appeared. Moscow architecture has reached great heights. Moscow's borders have expanded considerably, with the territory of the White City and the Zemlyansky City being included by the end of the 16th century. A system of defensive structures was established. In the XIV-XVIII centuries, there were several large revolts and fires in Moscow.

In 1565, after the separation of the Russian state by Ivan the Terrible, the city became the center of the last

In the period of dim time

In 1605 the troops of self-proclaimed tsar Ledmitry I entered Moscow. The authority of an impostor in the city fell in 1606, during the popular uprising he was killed by residents of Moscow. From 1608 to 1610, Moscow is under siege of the troops of the second impostor Lzedmitry II, who had settled in a camp in Tushin, under the rule of the new chosen tsar Vasily Shui. During this period, it was difficult for Moscow to communicate with the rest of the state. The siege was lifted by the approach to Moscow by Novgorod, in March 1610, of Mikhail Skopin-Shui's troops with Swedish mercenaries.

In 1610, after the defeat of the troops of Vasily Shui, in the Klushinskaya battle, Moscow was occupied by the Polish troops of Stanislav Zholkiewski. Attempts in 1611 to liberate the city from the Poles by the First Zemir militia, under the leadership of Prokopi Lyapunov, Ivan Zarutsky and Prince Dmitry Trubetsky, were unsuccessful. In 1612 the troops of the Second Zemir militia, led by the Zemsky Old Town Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, left Nizhny Novgorod and on November 4, in the battle on the Devichy field, broke up Polish troops. They freed Moscow from the Poles, forced them to garrison the Kremlin in late 1612 and leave Moscow.

In the first century of rule of the Romanov dynasty

In Moscow in 1613 was anointed to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich, who began more than 300 years of rule of the Romanov dynasty.

In the seventeenth century, the line of Moscow finally enters the Zemlynaya Gorod, builds up and acquires a modern appearance of the Moscow Kremlin. Yamskaya, Meshchanskaya and German Sloboda appeared. The royal residence of Kolomenskoe acquires great importance.

In 1654, under the Aptekar Order, the training of "drug pupils" was organized.

The middle and second half of the 17th century was marked in Moscow by a series of social and political riots: Salt, copper, Sterletsky in 1682 and 1698.

Russian Empire

After loss of capital status

In 1712 the capital of Russia was transferred to St. Petersburg. In 1728, under Peter II, the Imperial Court was moved to Moscow, which was here until 1732, when Anna Ioannovna returned it to St. Petersburg. Moscow retained the status of the "first-place" capital and was the place of the coronation of emperors. This title is used to highlight the historical seniority of Moscow as the city where the throne of the Russian tsar first appeared. In the dictionary of F. A. Brokgauz and I. A. Efron Moscow is called "the first-ever capital of Russia". S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova's dictionary interpret the word "first-seat" as the symbol of the oldest capital. The term is now widely used in all spheres of public life as a synonym and unofficial name of Moscow.

In 1755 Mikhail Lomonosov and Ivan Shuvalov on the order of Empress Elizabeth founded the Moscow University.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, Moscow was captured by Napoleon's troops and suffered from the fire. According to various estimates, up to 80% of buildings were burned in the Moscow fire. The process of restoration of Moscow lasted more than thirty years, the Temple of Christ the Savior was built. By the end of XIX century in Moscow there was a tram.

In 1851, Moscow's railway connection with St. Petersburg was opened.

In 1896, during the events dedicated to the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, a large stampede with a significant number of victims took place at Khodynsky Pole, called the "Khodyn tragedy."

In December 1905 revolutionary unrest and street barricades took place in Moscow.

O. Cadol. The circular panorama of Moscow from the Kremlin's Spasskaya Tower. 1819-1823

D. S. Indie. A panorama of the Kremlin and Zamoskvorechya from the Tainice Tower. 1848

View of Moscow in 1867. Click here to see the annotated image.

The events of 1917 and the Civil War

In mid-August 1917, the All-Russian State Meeting convened by the Provisional Government was held in Moscow.

On October 25, 1917, at the same time as the storm of the Winter Palace in Petrograd began, a Moscow armed rebellion of the Bolsheviks started, which, unlike the rebellion in Petrograd, was resisted in Moscow. The opponents of the uprising, who were dominated by a junior military officer at Moscow's military academies, united into a public security committee and occupied the Kremlin to counter the attackers. The confrontation ended with bloody battles between the Yunkers and the Red Guards, which continued in the city from October 25 to November 2, 1917 and resulted in damage to the historic center of Moscow and the Kremlin by artillery fire.

In 1918 the Bolshevik government moved to Moscow from Petrograd and Moscow became the capital of the RSFSR.

At the beginning of the second half of 1919, Moscow's anti-Bolshevik organizations, led by the National Center, attempted to organize an uprising in the city with the aim of overthrowing the Soviet government, which failed. Many members of underground anti-Soviet organizations in Moscow were shot by the VCC bodies during the Red Terror events. In October 1919, the SUSS approached Moscow by 280 km (Mtsensk). The Bolsheviks were preparing for an illegal situation and started evacuating to Vologda, but their strike group managed to inflict a white successful counter-strike under the Eagle.

Soviet period

With the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War in 1920, a new Soviet era began in the development of the city. In Soviet times, Moscow again became the center of the state, the international political significance of the city increased. Moscow was building rapidly, and former suburbs joined the city. At the same time, the historical building of the city center was selectively destroyed; A number of temples and monasteries were destroyed, including the Church of Christ the Savior, the Holy Monastery. In 1922 Moscow became the capital of the USSR. The city's transportation infrastructure has started to develop rapidly. Thus, in 1924 in Moscow bus traffic opened, in 1933 the first trolley bus route was launched, and in 1935 the first metro line was opened for passengers. After commissioning the Moscow Canal and raising the water level in the Moscow River, part of the city area near the Moscow River was flooded. In particular, the water went to the former sections of Dorohomilovsky and the Jewish cemetery adjacent to it.

By the decision of the Presidium of the VCEC "On the formation on the territory of the RSFSR of administrative-territorial associations of regional and regional importance" of 14 January 1929, the Central-industrial region was established with a center in the city of Moscow from 1 October 1929.

In 1931, two major cities of the RSFSR — Moscow (16 June) and Leningrad (3 December) — were allocated to separate administrative units — the cities of the republican subordination of the RSFSR.

During the years of industrialization, the network of higher and secondary technical educational institutions is rapidly developing in Moscow.

In the 1930s, a network of research and design institutes in the technical field was established in Moscow. The vast majority of them were part of the USSR Academy of Sciences system. At this time, the city also develops the mass media, publishes many newspapers, and since 1939 has organized regular television broadcasting.

During the Great Patriotic War, the city was home to the GKO and the General Staff of the RKKA, and a people's militia (more than 160 thousand people) was formed.

In the winter of 1941/42, a famous battle took place near Moscow, in which Soviet troops won their first major victory over the Wehrmacht since the start of World War II. In October 1941, German troops came close to Moscow; many industrial enterprises were evacuated, and the evacuation of government offices to Kuibyshev began. On 20 October 1941, a state of siege was imposed in Moscow. But despite this, on November 7, a military parade took place on Red Square, from which troops were sent directly to the front. In December 1941, the advance of the German group of armies "Center" near Moscow was stopped; as a result of the successful counter-offensive of Soviet troops near Moscow, German troops were abandoned from the capital. On June 24, 1945, the Victory Parade took place on the Red Square.

In 1952-1957, the construction of high-rise buildings, later called "Stalin's highways", became one of the symbols of Moscow of the Soviet era.

In 1960 a new border of Moscow on MKAD was formed, for which the city began to enter only in 1984.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the city center was rebuilt. Some architectural monuments of Moscow were demolished to expand existing streets, build new highways and model multi-story panel houses.

In 1957 and 1985, respectively, the VI and XII World Youth and Student Festivals were held in Moscow. In 1980, Moscow hosted the XXII Summer Olympic Games.

Modern

On August 19—22, 1991, the August putsch organized by the State Committee for Civil and Political Rights took place in the city. By 1993, the constitutional-state crisis resulting from the President's and Parliament's opposition had reached its climax. On 3-4 October 1993, an attempt was made to seize the Ostankino television center and shoot the Supreme Council (the White House) building. Then there was a big change in the city. In 1995, the new official symbols of the capital - the coat of arms, the flag and the anthem of the city were approved. The restoration of temples, the construction of a full-scale copy of the Temple of Christ the Savior, blown up by the Bolsheviks, began.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the city first faced the threat of international terrorism. Several terrorist acts took place in Moscow.

The early 2000s were marked by a major architectural transformation. The city is being seriously rebuilt - multi-story office buildings are being built, modern transport infrastructure, elite housing, a new business center - the district "Moscow-City" was created. At the same time, it is noted that this "construction boom" leads to the destruction of the historical image of the city, destruction of architectural monuments and the established urban environment. A serious problem is the underdeveloped transport infrastructure, resulting in traffic congestion and congestion in public transport. Measures to create allocated lanes for public transport, the construction of new road routes and interchanges, the strengthening of traffic control (cameras of automatic video recording of violations, work of evacuators), the organization of parking space, according to the Mayor of Moscow, S.S. Sobyanin, resulted in acceleration of traffic by 12% in 2016 Compared to 5 years ago.

Until 2010, Moscow had the status of a historical settlement, but by Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation No. 418/339 of July 29, 2010, the city was deprived of this status.

Since the 1990s the project of unification of Moscow and Moscow region was actively discussed, in the summer of 2011 there was a more concrete project of expansion of the territory of Moscow and its decentralization through the accession of the south-western territories, this project (so-called "New Moscow" or "Greater Moscow") was implemented in the summer of 201.

In 2018, Moscow, among other 11 cities, hosted the World Cup. By this event, several important sports and infrastructure facilities have been built in the city.

View of Moscow from the Vorobyov Mountains in 2018. From left to right: Moscow-City, Moscow-River, CHPP-12, Luzhniki Stadium, Vorobyovy Gorod metro station, building of the Russian Academy of Sciences

• The title of the City-Hero was received on May 8, 1965 with the award of the medal "Golden Star" and the Order of Lenin — for outstanding merits before the Motherland, mass heroism, courage and steadfastness, shown by the workers of the capital of the USSR of Moscow in the fight against German - by fascist invaders, and in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.
• The Order of Lenin (September 6, 1947) — for the outstanding merits of the workers of Moscow before the Motherland, for the courage and heroism shown in the fight against the German invaders, for the successes achieved in the development of industry, culture and the implementation of the general plan of reconstruction of the city, on the occasion of the 800th anniversary of Moscow .
• The Order of the October Revolution (November 4, 1967) is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.

Moscow authorities

Moscow City Hall

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Moscow is an autonomous subject of the federation, the so-called city of federal significance.

The executive power in Moscow is exercised by the Government of Moscow, headed by the Mayor, the legislative - the Moscow City Duma, which consists of 45 deputies. From 2006 to 2012 direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the Charter of the city of Moscow, the mayor was appointed by the order of the president. The first direct election since the 2003 vote was due to take place after the 2015 term of the incumbent city chief, but due to his resignation, it was already held in September 2013.

Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, which combine the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on the territorial basis, and 125 district governments. According to the Law "On the Organization of Local Self-Government in the City of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003 the executive bodies of the local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies — municipal assemblies whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intra-city municipality.

Principles of functioning of bodies of legislative and executive power of Moscow, as well as bodies of local self-government in the city are determined by the Charter of the city of Moscow and other normative acts of the city.

Federal authorities

Government House of the Russian Federation

In Moscow, as a city with constitutional functions of the Russian Federation, there are legislative, executive and judicial federal authorities of the country, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which has been based in St. Petersburg since 2008.

The highest executive authority, the Government of the Russian Federation, is located in the Government House of the Russian Federation on the Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment in the center of Moscow. The State Duma sits on the Hunting Ring. The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation were also located in Moscow.

In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the Senate Palace.

Administrative districts of Moscow:
1. Central administrative district
2. Northern Administrative Region
3. North-East Administrative Region
4. Eastern Administrative District
5. South-East Administrative Region
6. Southern Administrative District
7. South-West Administrative Region
8. Western Administrative District
9. North-West Administrative Region
10. Zelenograd administrative district
11. Novomoskovskiy administrative district
12. Troitskiy administrative district

Territorial changes in Moscow from 1922 to 1995

The territorial units of Moscow are districts, settlements and administrative districts, having names and borders, fixed by the legal acts of the city.

Moscow, Russia
Administrative Districts	12
Regions	125
Settlements	21

• The administrative district is a territorial unit of the city of Moscow, formed for the administration of the respective territory, which includes several districts or settlements of Moscow. The boundaries of an administrative district cannot cross the boundaries of districts and settlements.
• Area — is formed taking into account the historical, geographical, urban, urban-planning characteristics of the respective territories, population, socio-economic characteristics, location of transport communications, availability of engineering infrastructure and other peculiarities of the territory.
• The settlement is a territorial unit of Moscow, formed on the territories included in Moscow during the implementation of the project to expand its territory since July 1, 2012.

The formation, transformation and abolition of districts and settlements, their naming, establishment and change of their borders are carried out by the Moscow City Duma on the recommendation of the Mayor of Moscow, and the administrative districts - by the Mayor of Moscow.

Before July 1, 2012, Moscow had 125 districts and 10 administrative districts. Since July 1, 2012, after the expansion of the territory of Moscow, 2 new administrative districts (Novomoskovskiy and Troitsky) have been formed, and 21 settlements are part of them.

Moscow is divided into 12 administrative districts: Central, North, North-East, East, South-East, South, South-West, West, North-West, Zelenograd, Novomoskovsky, Troitsky. The last three are completely located outside the MKAD.

Zelenograd administrative district is an exclave: On all sides it is surrounded by the territory of the Moscow region, on the south-east it borders with the city district of Khimki, in all other directions - with the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region.

In turn, the districts of Moscow (except Novomoskovsky and Troitsky) are divided into districts, in total in Moscow 125 districts. Several areas of Moscow are exclaves. District prefectures manage districts, district governments manage districts.

Novomoskovskiy and Troitsky districts consist of such new territorial units of Moscow as settlements. Within the boundaries of these settlements, such intra-city municipal entities as settlement and city district have been established. The districts are managed by the general prefecture.

The emblem, the flag and the anthem of Moscow are officially approved symbols of the city.

The coat of arms and the flag of Moscow are dark red heraldic shields and a rectangular canvas depicting a horseman, St. George of the Pobedonosten, striking a black Zmiya. Moscow's city is dominated by a musical poetic work based on Isaac Osipovich Dunayevskiy's song on Mark Samoylovich Lisyansky and Sergey Ivanovich Agranyan's poems "My Moscow".

The population of Moscow according to Rosstat is 12,678,079 (2020). Population density - 4950.44 persons/km² (2020).

According to the "The Scripture List" ("The Book of the City of Moscow of 1638"), the capital was home to about 200 thousand people. By the beginning of the XVIII century the population of Moscow slightly decreased and according to "audit fairy tales" was: In 1710 about 160 thousand people, in 1725 — 140—150 thousand, in 1740 — 138,4 thousand, in 1776 — 161 thousand people. Before the 1812 war, 270,000 people lived in Moscow, and after its end, 215,000 lived in Moscow. As a result of migration growth in the middle of the nineteenth century, the population of Moscow increased: In 1840 there were 349.1 thousand people, in 1856 - 368.8 thousand, in 1868 - 416.4 thousand people.

Moscow is close to European capitals in terms of population reproduction, but is close to the crowded capital centers of developing countries in terms of population size and density. The square is close to Berlin, New York, Greater London and Greater Paris. The density of the population of Moscow is comparable to Tehran, Kinshasa, Manila and less density of the population of Mumbai, Bogotá, Lima.

There is a difficulty in determining the size of the Moscow metropolis according to how its borders are defined: consider only the nearest suburbs, suburban zone within a radius of 60-70 km from MKAD or the entire Moscow Capital Region (MSR). Depending on the definition of borders, the number of Moscow metropolis at the beginning of 2008 was estimated at 13-15 million people, with a population of 10.5 million people (7.4% of the population of Russia) within the administrative borders of Moscow. At present, the most active migration growth is not in Moscow, but in the Moscow region's nearest belt of cities and districts. Experts dispute whether this process is the beginning of sub-urbanization or, on the contrary, the extensive expansion of Moscow into new territories.

Moscow is Russia's largest city in terms of its population and the most populated of all cities in Europe. Its agglomeration with a permanent population of about 15 million is also the largest in Russia and Europe.

According to the results of the All-Russian Population Census 2002, the population of Moscow was 10,382,754. According to the official data of the current statistical record, the city's population as of September 1, 2012 amounted to 11,911.1 thousand people. According to the preliminary results of the 2010 census as of October 2010, 11,643,060 people are permanently living in Moscow and only 30,000 are temporarily staying in the capital, and 1.2 million Muscovites refused to participate in the census for various reasons. The Office of the Federal Migration Service in Moscow reported that 9060 thousand people have permanent registration in Moscow, temporary registration — 1100 thousand people, 340 thousand foreigners are also on the migration register. Between 600,000 and 800,000 Russian citizens, according to the FMS specialists, live in Moscow without registration with the FMS bodies.

Only residents of the city are included in official data on the city's population. According to the Federal Migration Service's Moscow office, in 2008 another 1 million,800 newcomers (migrant workers and migrant workers, students and others) were officially registered, and experts estimate that in 2009 there are about 1 million undocumented migrants in the city.

Moscow's population growth is mainly due to an influx of people from other regions. This phenomenon of internal migration in Soviet times was called "limiters".

Moscow pronunciation is the pronunciation standard of Russian literary language.

In the early 19th century, on the eve of the 1812 war, in Moscow 92% were Orthodox and 8% adhered to other religions. In 1871 and 1882, the religious composition of Moscow was as follows: Orthodoxy and co-religionists - 92.84 and 91.71%, Protestants - 2.05 and 2.28%, Splitni - 2.72 and 2.21%, Jews - 0.88 0%, Catholics 1.24% and 1.23%, Magometeans 0.17% and 0.26%, Armenians Gregorians 0.10% and 12%, the rest - 0.02%, not marked 0.1 7%. In 1881, the proportion of Muscovites who speak Russian was 95.6 per cent, and in 1882 it was 94.5 per cent; Polish - 0.60 and 0.60%, Finnish - 0.02 and 0.05%, Latvian - 0.03 and 0.03%, Lithuanian - 0.06 and 0.03%, Jewish - 0, 94 and 1.61%, Tatar 0.15 and 0.24%, Armenian 0.10 and 0.12%, French 0.34 and 0.29%, German 1.82 and 2.02 %, English - 0.12 and 0.10 %, Italian - 0.03 and 0.02 %, Scandinavian - 0.04 and 0.0 %, Dutch - 0.01 and 0.00 %, other European languages - 0, 04% and 0.04%, 0.05% and 0.03% in the Eastern languages, did not answer 0.14%. According to the census of 1897 Russians 987 thousand (95%), Germans (about 18 thousand), Poles (9 thousand), Jews (about 5 thousand), Tatars (4,3 thousand). According to the 1926 census of Russians in Moscow there were 1772 thousand people (87.4%), Jews - 131 thousand (6.5%), Tatars - 171 thousand and Ukrainians - 161 thousand. Between 1912 and 1926, the share of Russians decreased by 7.8% (in 1912 - 95.3%), the share of Germans decreased by 0.9%, Poles - by 0.2%, but the number of Jews increased (by 6.1%) , Ukrainians (0.6%), Tatars, Latvians, Armenians (0.3%). From 1926 to 1939 the proportion of Russians remained unchanged, the share of Jews decreased slightly - from 6.5 to 6%, but the proportion of Ukrainians increased from 0.8 to 2.2%, Tatars - from 0.8 to 1.4%, Armenians - from 0.2 to 0 .3%. From 1939 to 1959 the share of Russians increased (from 87.4 to 89.5%), the share of Jews decreased (from 6.0 to 4.1%), the share of Germans, Poles, representatives of the Baltic peoples decreased, Mordvos, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, but the share of Tatars (up to 1.5%), Ukrainians and Belarusians increased. From 1970 to 1989 the share of Russians (from 89.2 to 89.7%), Ukrainians (from 2.6 to 2.8%), Tatars (from 1.6 to 1.8%), Belarusians, Caucans The percentage of Jews (from 3.6 to 2%), the peoples of the Baltic States, however, has decreased. In 1989, the following people lived in Moscow: russians - 7,963,246, ukrainians - 252,670, jews - 174,728, tatars - 157,376, belorus - 73,00005000000000000000000000000000000000, 20000000000000000000000000000, 20000000— 30,916, Azerbaijanis — 20,727, Georgians — 19,608, Chuvash — 18,358, Uzbeks — 9,183, Kazakh — 8,225, Osse0 the anes are 6,997, the poles are 6,920, the bashki are 5,417, the germans are 4,670, the lats are 3,896, the koreans are 3,586 243, Assyrians - 3196, Kyrgyz - 3044, Tajiks - 2893, Bulgarians - 2641, Udmurts - 2600, Mari - 2490, Lezgin, 2,434, Chechens, 2,101, Turkmens, 2,093, Estonians, 1,801, Avars, 1,706, Buryats, 1,29290000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 zi — 1286, gypsies — 1284, kabardinians — 1275, Arabs — 1261, Kareli — 1245, Spaniards — 1219, Komi — 1141, Vietnam 1,052, 913 Lakis, 891 Darghinis, 838 Hungarians, 776 Jews, 771 Yakut, 727 Kumyks, 68 Ingushi 5, Karachayev 624, Czechs 605, Cubans 597, Adygeans 490, Finns 471, Karakalpak 402, Balkan 399, Circassian 374, 372 Chinese, 352 Gagauz, 316 Hakas, 307 Komi-Permachi, 301 Gagauz, 283 Karaites, 2 Romanians 770, Afghans - 263, Crimean Tatars - 239, Italians - 235, Serbs - 227, representatives of the peoples of India and Pakistan - 223, Kurds - 209, Tuvan - 195, Slovaks - 159, Uighurs - 159, Abazins - 145, Turks - 137, Persians - 126, French - 117, other ethnodisperse groups (total 42) - no more than 100 people. From 1989 to 1994 the share of Russians increased from 89.7 to 90.5%, the share of Tatars increased from 1.8 to 1.9%, Armenians from 0.5 to 0.7%, but the share of Ukrainians decreased from 2.8 to 2.4% Belarusians - from 0.8 to 0.7% and Jews from 2 to 1.5%. Since the collapse of the USSR, the size of illegal migration has soared, so it is very difficult to obtain reliable data on the ethnic and religious composition of Muscovites. For example, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs experts in 2002, in the capital of 9 million there were from 0.9 to 3 million illegal migrants. According to experts, the number of certain ethnic groups has changed several times, and in some cases ten times. These include Transcaucasian (Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Georgians), Central Asian (Tajiks, Tajik Roma - Lyuli, Afghans), South Asian (Chinese, Koreans) ethnic groups, construction workers from Moldova and Ukraine, and Residents of the North Caucasus republics (especially Chechens and Dagestans). Unlike the West, Moscow has no clearly defined ethnic settlement areas, although according to the press in the south-west of Moscow Armenians mostly settle, in Izmailov - Azerbaijanis, in Maryina grosh - Georgians, in Ochakova and in the subway district "Avtozavodskskskskaya "— Chinese, in the subway districts "Savelovskaya", "Domodedovskaya", "Planernaya" - people from South-East Asia, in the nearest Moscow region in the country villages — Tajiks, and Tajik The gypsies (Lyuli) put the tents around the Moscow Ring Road.

From 1989 to 2002, the ethnic composition of Moscow changed as follows: The share of Russians decreased from 89.7% in 1989 to 84.8% in 2002, Ukrainians - from 2.8% to 2.4%, Tatars - from 1.8% to 1.6%, Jews - from 2.0%, but At the same time, the share of Armenians increased from 0.5% to 1.2%, Azerbaijanis from 0.2% to 0.9%, Georgians from 0.2% to 0.5%.

According to the 2002 census and the 2010 census, the national composition of the population of Moscow is divided as follows: Russians - 9,930,410 (91.65 %), Ukrainians - 154,104 (1.42 %), Tatars - 149,043 (1.38 %), Armen0 6,466 (0.98%), Azerbaijanis - 57,123 (0.53%), Jews - 53,142 (0.49%), Belarusians - 39,25 36%), Georgians - 38,934 (0.36%), Uzbeks - 35,595 (0.33%), Tajiks - 27,280 (0.25%) 1,699 (0.20%), Kyrgyz (18,736 (0.17%), Mordva (17,095 (0.16%), Chechen (1) 3%), Chuvash - 14,313 (0.13%), Ossetians - 11,311 (0.10%), persons who did not indicate nationality - 668,409 (5.81%).

The percentage of Russians in Moscow is higher than the average in Russia (80%), and the share of Armenians and Jews is higher than the average Russian (0.78% and 0.16%, respectively). The proportion of Russians has increased since the 1989 census, when it was 89.7%.

Moscow has a special fertility model for the following reasons: a special social structure of the population in the form of a large proportion of people with higher education and higher income than the rest of Russia, high migration growth mainly in the form of young population with high reproductive potential, developed social infrastructure in the form of high quality and access to health care and education services. The final detail of visitors is higher than native Muscovites. Since the 2000’s, Moscow's birth rate has been rising, at a faster pace than that of the rest of Russia: in 10 years from 1999 to 2009, it grew 1.73 times in Moscow, while in Russia as a whole it grew 1.45 times. In Moscow, not only Moscow residents give birth, but also out-of-town ones, which inflates the birthrate in the statistics among Muscovites.

On July 29, 2005, the Moscow Government Resolution "On the Concept of the Demographic Development of the City of Moscow" was adopted.

Moscow International Business Center "Moscow-City"

Moscow is the largest financial center in the all-Russian scale, the international business center and the center of management of a large part of the country's economy. For example, about half of the banks registered in Russia are concentrated in Moscow. In addition, most of the largest companies are registered and have headquarters in Moscow, although their production can be located thousands of kilometers away. As of November 2019, 104 of the country's 200 largest enterprises were registered in Moscow.

Moscow is a major center (registered headquarters, but not production) of machine-building, including power engineering, machine-tool, ship-building, instrument-making; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (production of aluminum alloys), chemical, light, and printing industries. However, recently there has been a tendency to change the legal addresses (tax registration) of large producers.

According to 2008 data, Moscow was the 15th largest city in the world in terms of GDP ($321 billion).

The most powerful Russian Proton launcher is designed and produced at the GKNPC Khrunicheva

MiG-29 — developed and produced by MiG RSK

In 2007, industrial production in Moscow grew by 11.5%.

A significant number of defense industry enterprises operate in the city, including:

• M. State Space Research and Production Center. V. Khrunicheva;
• Production of the company "MiG" (a third of the fighters of the Russian Air Force developed and produced by "MiG") - headquarters;
• Almaz-Antey Air Defense Company (the largest - Almaz, Altair, Avangard) is the headquarters and some research institutes;
• Tushinsky Machine Building Plant - bankrupt;
• ICB Vympel rocket-building;
• V. Moscow Mechanical Engineering Enterprise. V. Chernysheva.

Of the civilian industries, the largest are:

• Moscow refinery is a major producer, including for export, of oil products;
  • Auto-Framos — the enterprise for assembly of cars Renault about 60 thousand a year, on the territory of the former AZLK;

Reno Logan's going to Autoframos

• The electric plant is a major producer of electric transformers and reactors;
• Moskelektroshit is a manufacturer of electric distribution devices;
• Karatchar Mechanical Plant - production of lifting equipment;
• Moskabel plant;
• Moscow Petrochemical Plant;
• Three-mountain manufacture - bankrupt;
• Moscow shipbuilding and ship repair plant;
• N. A. Semashko Moskhimpharmics;
• Red October (confectionery factory) - closed, production transferred to the territory of Babayev confectionery factory.

Moscow Exchange

The city has a strong scientific and technological base for the production of optoelectronic and radioelectronic devices, aviation and space equipment, high-precision mechanical devices.

Moscow is the largest engineering center in the country, where a significant part of Russian products (especially aviation, space, nuclear and weapons) are designed, technologies of its manufacture are developed, materials are investigated.

Retail trade turnover in 2007 amounted to 2040.3 billion rubles. (growth from 2006 to 5.1%), wholesale trade turnover, in turn, amounted to 7843.2 billion rubles. (growth by 2006 - 22.3%), volume of paid services to the population - 815.85 billion rubles. (this is 24% of the total services across Russia).

According to Ernst & Young's data for 2011, Moscow is the 7th most attractive city in Europe, and its rating is growing.

There are six mobile operators in the city, three of which provide services in the standards of GSM, UMTS (3G) and LTE ("MTS", "MegaFon", "Beeline"); one in UMTS and LTE ("Tele2") standards; the remaining two provide wireless Internet in the LTE standard ("Yota" and "Skye Link"), both of which are not independent and belong to MegaFont and Tele2 respectively. Some of the above operators have virtual operators based on their networks.

According to Forbes magazine (2011), Moscow is the 1st city in the world in terms of the number of dollar billionaires (79 people). Foreign Policy Magazine puts Moscow in 2010 the 25th place of global cities that make a significant contribution to the development of world civilization.

However, according to the 2011 cost-of-living index calculated by Rosstat, Moscow was not the most expensive city in Russia, having "conceded" to a number of Siberian and northern cities.

In 2012, Moscow was ranked 1st in the Urban Environment Quality Rating, compiled by the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, the Russian Union of Engineers, the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services, the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights and Human Well-being, and the Moscow State University named after. M. V. Lomonosova.

In 2018, Moscow hosted 12 World Cup football matches, which became an additional driver of the infrastructure economy. In 2018, small and medium-sized businesses added 473 billion rubles to Moscow's budget. Since 2015, the total tax revenue from these companies has increased by 46%. According to Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin, the growth of small businesses is due to the fact that Moscow has created the necessary infrastructure for him: Affordable rent and affordable internet.

Moscow is the country's largest transport hub. The city is located in the heart of the web of railways and federal highways. The volume of passenger traffic at the Moscow transport hub is estimated at 11.5 billion people for 2013. Within the city there are many types of public transport, since 1935 there is a metro; Public transport accounts for 76% of passenger traffic.

Railway transport

Leningrad railway station, the oldest station in Moscow, was built in 1849 to service the Nikolayev railway

The railway network in Moscow is represented by ten main directions with nine railway stations (from eight stations - Belorussian, Kazan, Kursk, Kiev, Leningrad, Paveletsky, Riga and Yaroslavsky). and long-distance communication; one station, Savelovsky, only serves commuter transportation), the Moscow District Railway, several connecting branches and a number of branches, mostly single-track, relatively small, most of which are entirely within the city.

All of Moscow's railways belong to the Moscow railway, except for the Leningrad direction, which belongs to the Oktyabrskaya Railway, which is also part of the Moscow railway hub, with the CER with some directions of the Moscow railway. At the same time, prices and rules of payment for commuter electric trains are the same in all directions without exception, according to the rules of the Moscow railway.

In the 1990s-2000s, a number of railway branches serving industrial enterprises were closed because of the withdrawal of these enterprises from the city or a serious reduction in production.

The total length of the railways within the city is 394.7 km. Suburban trains linking Moscow's railway stations to the settlements of Moscow and nearby oblasts also play a significant role in intra-city traffic. A major project for the development of the passenger railway communication in Moscow was the organization on the Malyk ring of the Moscow Railway partially integrated with the metro line of the passenger rail transport, which was named "Moscow Central Ring". A new such project, which develops the principle of integration of rail transport with the metro, is the Moscow central diameters, the first two of which opened in November 2019.

Air transport

Domodedovo Airport Terminal

On the territory of Moscow there are international airports of Vnukovo and Ostafyevo. Also residents and guests of the city use the services of other international airports located on the territory of the Moscow region: Domodedovo, Chkalovsky, Sheremetyevo, Zhukovsky. In 1933-2010, civil aircraft hosted Bykovo airport, now used only as a departmental helicopter port.

You can get to the airports not only by car, but also by express trains from railway stations: Kyiv - to Vnukovo Airport, Belorussky - to Sheremetyevo Airport and Paveletsky airport - to Domodedovo Airport.

The city had a train station near the Khodyn field, but since the beginning of the 21st century it has lost its direct purpose: Its premises were leased to tenants under the trading area. In November 2017, the former building of the airport terminal was demolished.

Road transport

Businovskaya interchange on MKAD. The first and currently the only five-level transport interchange in Russia

Moscow is the center of the network of federal highways of various directions, which connect the capital with administrative centers of the subjects of the Russian Federation and cities of neighboring states. In Moscow itself there is a developed transport infrastructure, including three transport rings: Garden, Third Transport and Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), construction of the Central Ring Road (CCAD) in Moscow region is planned to unload the city from the transit traffic flow.

Traffic

Since the 1990’s, Moscow has faced a severe transport problem. In Moscow, the growth of the car park continues: In 2000, the city had 2.6 million cars, but in 2012 it had 4.5 million (more than 380 cars per 1,000 inhabitants); the expected average annual growth to 2020 is 4%. The volume of freight traffic by road in the city also increased; About 10 billion tons of cargo are transported through Moscow each year, of which about 4 billion tons are transported by transit cargo. The significant growth of the fleet resulted in a large number of traffic congestion. Some measures have been taken to reduce the number of traffic congestion, such as the ban on the entry of heavy-duty vehicles into the city, the construction of new interchanges, etc. Car traffic congestion causes huge losses. Urban planning errors contributed to the increase in traffic jams. The city's government has made a number of attempts to solve the traffic jam problem through road construction. Thus, the ring road was reconstructed, the Third transport ring was built, in 2008 the construction of the Fourth ring began.

In 2016, an adaptive traffic light system was introduced to increase traffic speed. Automatic switching of traffic lights depends on the traffic load. These systems operate on 4 highways: Pyatnitskoe Highway, Freedom Street, Sheremetyevskaya Street and Altufyevskaya Highway. By the end of the year, the number of motorways with automatic control of the light-signaling system increased to 20.

In 2017 there was a narrowing of the strips on the Kashirsky highway from Proletarsk prospect to the street Borisovskie ponds, it allowed to make 5 lanes, instead of 4. According to the Department of Transport of Moscow, in April 2016 during peak hours the passage of this section amounted to 3.7 thousand cars, after expansion increased by 19 % (4.4 thousand). The conjugation also took place at the intersection of the Avenue Vernadsky and Troparyovskaya Street (the flow rate increased by 15% from 3.5 thousand cars to 4.1 thousand cars). The number of lanes increased on the section of Lipetskaya street MKAD to Lipetsk road (the passage increased by 33%). Changes have also affected Kashirsk, Altufyevsk, Vorobyovskoye, Besedinskoye highway, Volgograd and Leningrad Prospekt, Bolshaya Tula, Lipetsk, Lublka and Byka Street , Dezhneva's passage. Several new turns and turns were created to reduce interruptions.

Since the beginning of 2018, additional information monitors have been created on the roads of the Northern Administrative District and the MKAD, broadcasting reports about road traffic congestion, traffic restrictions, the installation of new photo-video cameras, the need to observe traffic rules, the estimated time of the way to the nearest points (before MKAD, Third transport ring), stolen cars, weather conditions.

Parking

Parking on Buzheninova Street

The problem of insufficient parking remains. In September 2010, the head of the Department of Transport and Communications Vasily Kichedzhi reported that "there are 250 thousand parking spaces in the city, while there are 1.2 million cars in need". Previously, there had been attempts to introduce paid parking on city streets, but on 10 September 2008 it was decided that cars could be parked along the sides free of charge. Parks at train stations, airports and several specially designated areas of the city center remained paid. A "People's Garage" program was organized to solve the problem in residential areas, but its implementation is being delayed.

In 2012, authorities decided to return to the project of organizing paid parking. Authorities believe that the significant increase in fines for parking violations and the introduction of parking fees in the streets of the central part of the city, introduced since July 2012, will help solve the transport problem. The agency responsible for paid municipal parking was the Moscow Parking Area Administrator State University (MPPU).

From November 1, 2012 to February 28, 2013, the first paid parking lots were introduced on the streets of Petrovka and Karetnyi Raia, as well as on the adjacent alleys. The fee for using a parking space per hour was 50 rubles. Parking in the courtyards was free. On June 1, 2013, paid parking spaces inside the Boulevard Ring began to appear. The cost of parking in this area was 50 rubles. From December 5, 2013 the cost of parking inside the Boulevard Ring has increased to 80 rubles. Since the end of 2013, the paid parking area has expanded to the Garden Ring, the price of a parking space in this area has amounted to 60 rubles per hour.

Since June 1, 2014, paid parking lots appeared in the Moscow City MMDC area. This is the first time a progressive tariff has been applied in this zone in Moscow. The cost of the first 2 hours of parking was 80 rubles, for each subsequent hour - 130 rubles. Since August 2014, the paid parking area has been expanded to the Third Transport Ring, including the building areas (yards). The expansion zone includes the streets of the following districts: Presnensky, Arbat, Tver, Dorohomilovo and Khamovniki.

Since September 2014, 27,539 parking spaces have been equipped in the center of Moscow. Free on-site parking was allowed for large families and disabled persons, as well as motorcycles and electric cars.

On December 25, 2014, within the Third Transport Ring, a new area of paid parking was organized. Paid parking appeared on 405 streets in the following areas: Khamovniki, Tver, Behovoi, Khoroshyovskiy, Savelovskiy, Maryna Roshchy, Meshchansky, Krasnoselskiy, Basmany, Tskiy, South Port, Z, Zskskskykkkkkskch Yakimanka, Donskoy, Danilovsky, Lefortovo.

Since August 10, 2015, a progressive parking rate has been introduced on 75 streets inside the Boulevard Ring. Free 24-hour parking is available on request, and favorable conditions are provided for residents of houses that live in paid-parking areas.

In 2017, the Dutch company TomTom awarded Moscow a prize for organizing parking space based on the results of the annual Traffic Index report on the impact of traffic congestion. With the introduction of a modern parking management system in the city, the time to find a parking space decreased by 65%. According to the company, in 2013 Moscow was the first city with the busiest roads, in 2015 - the fifth, and in 2016 the capital took the 13th place.

Carsharing

In Moscow there is a carsharing system - a short-term car rental with a minute or hourly rate. Carsharing is an alternative to a private car, and it can reduce traffic density on roads and parking spaces. According to the Department of Transport, 1 car in the car sharing system is capable of replacing 10 personal. The rental price of a car depends on the operator, on the average is 7-11 rubles per minute. The advantage of car sharing is that you don't have to spend money on parking, gasoline, car wash and maintenance. As of 2020, the Moscow carsharing system includes 8 operators: "Delimobile", Youdrive, BelkaCar, Rentmee, Lifcar, "Carousel", Yandex.Drive, Matreshcar. Delimobile was the first service to provide cars, and it was launched in August 2015. Since 2017, the Department of Transport of Moscow subsidizes carsharing companies.

Ground urban transport

Tram "Vityaz-M"

There is a wide network of street public transport in Moscow: bus routes, electric buses, trams, route taxis that carry about 12 million passengers a day. Some routes also work at night.

At the beginning of XX century in Moscow actively developed tram network — in the beginning of 1930 it covered both Bulvar and Garden rings and all connecting streets, lines were laid and on edges. After the opening of the first metro lines in 1935, tram lines matching the direction were removed. The more radical change came in the 1940’s, when some tram routes were replaced with trolley buses and removed from the Kremlin. By the 1960s-1970s, the lines in the western part of the city were dismantled and the "tram rings" were broken. Since the early 1980's, there have been almost no new lines. The last line was built in 1981-82 in Strogino. Since the mid-1990s a new wave of removal of tram lines and closing of depots, mostly adjacent to the center, began. Since the 2010s, some lines have been partially restored.

Until August 2020, Moscow had a network of trolleybuses, the world's largest for many years. Trolleybus transport was partly replaced by electric buses, partly by buses. The formal reason for the closure is the release of the streets from the surging contact network, the physical wear and tear of the trolleybus fleet, and the obsolescence of the trolleybus concept.

Public transport is often forced to stand in general traffic jams, but dedicated lanes are created on large highways. The first allocated lane was opened in July 2009 on the Volokolamsk highway, in 2011 on the Shchelkovsky highway, Yaroslavl highway, Andropov Avenue and Leningrad Avenue. As of July 2020, 65 dedicated lanes with a total length of 350.82 km have been commissioned. Tram and bus rolling stock is also being upgraded, becoming low-floor in order to make it easier for people with disabilities and wheelchairs to travel there. Since 2014, bicycles have been allowed on public land transport.

On October 8, 2016, the first stage of the "Magistral" route network was officially launched. It is a program of optimization of the public transport network in the central areas of the city. The routes of the "Main" network connect the center, avenues and outskirts of Moscow. Most routes are changed existing flights. The project was implemented by the Department of Transport of Moscow. On October 7, 2017, the second (last) queue of "Tractors" was launched. Since the beginning of 2017, the allocated lanes in Vozdvizhenka and Sretenka have been opened, thanks to which the movement along some routes of the network has accelerated. Transplants have become more convenient: A large crossing point on Slavyanskaya square was built, long pavilions with personal landing places for each route began to appear, stops equipped with a charging station for gadgets and free wi-fi, near exits from the metro there were signs of stops, at stops themselves — maps of the Masters network that are illuminated at dark time of day.

In November 2017, the Department of Transport of Moscow started the process of equipping ground transport with non-contact payment validators. For non-contact payment passengers can use bank cards supporting PayPass and PayWave technologies, as well as smartphones with the function of Google Pay, Apple Pay or Samsung Pay. If this method of payment, the fare will be 40 rubles, which is 15 rubles cheaper than buying a transport card from the driver. The number of routes on which you can pay with a bank card is constantly increasing.

Moscow Metro

Mayakovskaya Station

Since May 15, 1935, Moscow has had a metro, which is the main means of transportation within the capital. On average, the Moscow metro carries 6.498 million passengers a day (2016 data). It is the world's sixth-largest annual metro system and the first in Europe. The total length of the Moscow metro lines is 408.1 km, most of the way and stations are underground. The Moscow metro is the fourth longest in the world.

As of September 2020, the Moscow metro has 232 stations and 14 lines (excluding monorail, ICK and IDC). Many metro stations are architectural monuments. Since the 2000s, the metro lines have started to extend beyond MKAD.

Since October 14, 2013, the Mobility Center has been operating in the Moscow metro to assist citizens with disabilities in mobility (low-mobility citizens with hearing, vision, musculoskeletal functions, citizens of social categories, as well as organized groups of passengers (including children's groups under 11 years of age). Maintenance is carried out throughout the route (entrance to the station, movement in the elevator, stairs, escalators and station platforms, in train wagons, at the exit from the station).

In 2018, the Moscow metro, together with "Moscow Media" JSC and the Department of Transport and Development of Road Transport Infrastructure of Moscow, launched a system of online passenger information using screens installed in train cars. The screens show information about changes in the operation of public transport, in case of emergency situation a message appears on bright yellow background and algorithm of actions of passengers in each case. By September 2018, it is planned to equip 1896 cars with 8720 screens. For the 2018 World Cup in the Moscow metro and at the ICK carried out a large-scale program to update navigation. The special badges are "Spartak" stadium and "Luzhnikov" Grand sports arena, the venue of the festival of fans and the city ticket center. In May 2018, the metro produced the Troika and Troika-enabled keyboards, designed to commemorate the World Cup: Russian tricolor and a football ball flying into the goal.

Moscow Monorail

Since 2004, a monorail road (indicated by ordinal number 13) has been operated by the Moscow Metropolitan State University.

Moscow Central Ring

On September 10, 2016, the passenger traffic on the Moscow Central Ring (MK MZD) opened, which since 1934 has been used only for freight and transit traffic. The line is a railway ring consisting of 31 stations, but it is positioned as a full-fledged 14-line subway. The nature of the movement on the Moscow Central Ring is a city train partially integrated with the Moscow metro (transplantation and fare system). The Moscow Central Ring is also integrated with suburban train destinations, for which some railway stations carry directly to ICC stations.

Large Ring Line

On February 26, 2018, the opening of the first (northwest) part of the Grand Ring Line, the future second underground ring of the Moscow metro, was held, the construction of the remaining sections was completed and the line is to be closed to the ring by the end of 2022.

Since 2018, work has been underway on the construction of transport and transfer hubs (TPUs) on the Large Ring Line. A total of 22 TPUs are planned to be built. As of April 2018, the transition between the Shelepiha station of the BTC and the ISC's one-name station is already in effect. TPU will also include a multifunctional complex with commercial premises and offices, parking and stopping of ground public transport. The next hub that will combine the stations of the BKL and the ICK will be the Ryazan UV. Passengers will also be able to move to the Nekrasovskaya line, Gorkovskoye direction of the MZhD or by land transport.

River transport

Northern River Station

Thanks to the system of canals built as part of the Great Buildings of Communism, Moscow has been known since Soviet times as the "port of five seas" - the Baltic, White, Caspian, Azov and Black. Cruise ships connecting Moscow to St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, Rostov-on-Don and other cities of Russia are passing from the Northern and Southern River Stations. During the navigation period, several river tram routes are operating on the Moscow River.

Cargo jets are available in the North, West and South River ports. Truck river transport along the Moscow River mainly provides the delivery of various bulk construction goods; There is a large container terminal in the South port.

Bike transport

According to statistics, there are more than 3.5 million bicycles in Moscow. However, the first cycle route appeared in the capital only in 2011. By 2013, the cycle route reached 100 kilometers, including multi-kilometer routes such as from Barclay Street through the park "Fili" to the metro station "Krylatskoye" (8 km) and from park "Muzeon" to Park Pka Lunch (16 km). In summer there are city bicycle rental stations sponsored by the Bank of Moscow, as well as private rental services. The Unified Urban Cycling Race started its work in Moscow in 2013. Then 79 points were organized on the Boulevard Ring and on the Frunzenskaya embankment. Each year, up to 2019, 50 new stations and 500 bicycles are added to the network. As of 2018, Moscow has 430 stations with 4,300 bicycles and 260 electric buses. New bicycle paths are planned for the area near Black Lake in Nekrasovka. The total length of the bicycle route around the lake will be about 5 km.

New building of the Russian State Library

New building of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Vorobyov Mountains in Moscow

Moscow is a major global scientific center, represented by research institutes working in many industries, such as nuclear power, microelectronics, space science, and others.

The first scientific research in Moscow began at the Moscow University in 1755. In the nineteenth century, the university began to develop scientific communities that studied Russian history, medicine, physics, Russian and other sciences.

In 1828, the Rumyantsev Museum was founded in St. Petersburg, a large collection of books, coins, manuscripts, other ethnographic and historical materials, which was transferred to Moscow in 1861, and in 1924 the State Library of the USSR was established on its basis. V. I. Lenin (since 1992 - Russian State Library).

In the 20th century in Moscow began to form a network of branch scientific institutions. The All-Union Mineral Raw Materials Institute (1904), the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute, was established in Moscow. Zhukovsky (Tsagi) (1918), Physico-Chemical Institute named after. L. Ya. Karpova (1918), Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics (1921), Institute of Atomic Energy named after. Kurchatova (1943), Institute of theoretical and experimental physics (1945) and others.

During Soviet times, Moscow began to concentrate its academic network. The following were created or transferred to Moscow: All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after Lenin (1929), Academy of Sciences of the USSR — Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences (transferred from Leningrad in 1934), Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944), Academy of Pedagagagagagagagology of the Russian Academy FSR (1943).

Moscow State University

Main building of Moscow State Technical University named after. N. E. Baumana

Higher education

Moscow is one of the most important educational centers in Russia. Since the establishment of the country's first higher education institution, the Slav-Greco-Latin Academy, a significant number of educational facilities have been concentrated in the city. In 1755, at the initiative of Shuvalov and Lomonosov, the Moscow University, the oldest and most famous in Russia, was founded.

As of the end of 2009, there were 264 higher education institutions in Moscow, of which 109 are state or municipal and 155 are non-state. The number of students was 1281.1 thousand. 11 Moscow universities have the status of National Research Universities.

There are about four hundred libraries in Moscow, including Russia's oldest public library, the Scientific Library of Moscow State University, and the country's largest library, the Russian State Library (Leninskaya).

Secondary education

As of the end of 2010 there were 1727 general education schools in Moscow (1588 public and 139 private). The city has 168 secondary special educational institutions (154 public and 14 private). There are 2,314 preschool educational institutions.

Religion

Temple of Christ the Savior

View of Novodevich Monastery

Moscow is the center of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church, the Russian Old Orthodox Church, the Russian Union of evangelical Baptist Christians, and other denominations.

All major world religions are represented in Moscow. Officially, more than 1,000 religious associations and organizations representing more than 50 different denominations are registered in the city.

The largest of the religious organizations is the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), which includes about 500 associations and organizations, 711 Orthodox churches and chapels, 6 male and 6 female monasteries, which are part of the Moscow City Diocese. There are 645 temples and chapel, the largest — the Temple of Christ the Savior — the main cathedral of Russia, also 45 temples and chapels are under construction. According to Vlast magazine, as of November 2010, 253 public Orthodox churches had been opened in Moscow.

Old-ceremonial Orthodox associations and organizations, numbering about 10 (the largest - the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church), operate in the city, and their services are performed in 13 churches and chapels.

Islam is represented by 25 associations and organizations, and worship is held in 4 mosques, the largest of which is the Moscow Cathedral Mosque.

Judaism (21 associations and organizations, 5 synagogues) is also represented in Moscow; Buddhism - 16 associations and organizations, 4 religious premises, 1 temple is being built; The Armenian Apostolic Church - 3 associations and organizations, 2 temples, 2 temples are being built; Catholicism — 12 associations and organizations, 3 temples; Lutheranism - 10 associations and organizations, 3 temples; Protestantism — about 260 associations and organizations, 42 prayer houses; Other religious activities - about 15 religious objects.

In addition, there are 45 religious centers, 10 religious educational institutions and the same number of monasteries in Moscow.

Crime

The number of murders and attempted killings in Moscow for every 100,000 permanent population in 2006 is 11.4, compared with the national average of 20 per year per 100,000 permanent population. Cases of slavery were reported.

In 2007, the percentage of serious and especially serious crimes solved was 36.8%. This is the worst indicator in Russia after St. Petersburg (25.5%). In 2016, the homicide rate was 84.5%, and the rape detection rate reached 95.3%. In general, the crime rate in Moscow remains high, although it decreased by 23.5%. Between January and August 2017, Moscow recorded more than 90,000 crimes, the highest rate not only in the Central Federal District, but in the entire country. During the same period, more than 26 thousand serious and especially serious crimes were registered, of which no more than 10.5 thousand were solved. For comparison: During the same period, 2,500 serious and especially serious crimes were registered in the Republic of Dagestan, of which just over 2,000 were solved.

Health

In Moscow there are 1857 hospital and outpatient-polyclinic institutions. Of these, more than 250 clinical and emergency hospitals operate in the city. The city also has 64 dental clinics, 19 maternity hospitals, and about 20 children's homes. In Moscow there is a network of more than 1700 outpatient and polyclinic institutions, including 256 children.

Life expectancy in 2015 was 76.8 years, according to official data. In 2016, the indicator rose to 77 years, and is expected to be 78 years in 2018.

Cemeteries

With the growth and development of the city, the territory of a number of cemeteries was reduced and some were destroyed. Currently, there are 63 functioning cemeteries and three crematoria within the city: Mitinsky in the territory of the Mitinskaya Cemetery, Nicolo-Arkhangelskii near the Nicolo-Arkhangelsk Cemetery and Khovansky in the Khovan Cemetery.

View of the State Historical Museum from Manezhnaya Square

Bolshoi Theater

Fountain on Europe Square at night

Moscow is a major cultural and tourist center of Europe and the world, the Moscow region has one of the richest historical and cultural potentials in Russia. There are many interesting places in Moscow: there are different historical, cultural and architectural monuments, as well as modern entertainment infrastructure.

Modern Moscow has more than 100 theaters. The most famous of them are the Bolshoi Theater, the Small Theater, the MHT. Chekhova, Contemporary, Lenkom, Taganka Theater, Petra Fomenko Theater.

The city has more than 60 museums. With the participation of Moscow State University in Moscow, the Polytechnic, Historical, Zoological Museums, Anthropology Museum, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Botanical and Zoological Gardens (Moscow Zoo) were opened. Among the many museums in the capital one should also mention the Tretyakov Gallery, founded by a Russian philanthropist whose name is permanently sealed in the name of the museum. There are large exhibition spaces (Central House of the artist, exhibition hall "Manege", etc.).

In addition to state museums, there are many private art galleries in Moscow, many of which specialize in contemporary art.

In Moscow there are several large networks of cinemas (in total more than 100 cinemas), which are available for rental of Russian and foreign cinemas. Many cinemas are multi-complexes, allowing to display several films simultaneously on different screens.

Many large film studios are located in Moscow: "Mosfilm", "Soyuzmultifilm", Movie studio named after M. Gorky, and others. Every year the Moscow International Film Festival is held.

The city has more than 400 libraries, including the national Russian State Library.

There are many different nightlife establishments in Moscow - clubs, bars, restaurants, variants. For example, according to the website Afisha, there are at least 400 clubs in the capital. The main establishments are concentrated inside the Boulevard Ring, along Tver Street, in the area of Ostozhenka, New Arbat, Kutuzovsky Prospekt and others. Adjusting to the Tver Theater Pass in the area of China-city is the location of a large number of boutiques.

Before July 1, 2009 (the date of the entry into force of the legislation on the restriction of gambling business), Moscow had a large number of casinos and gaming clubs.

There are many possibilities for children's leisure in Moscow. The most famous places that Muscovites and guests of the capital visit with children are the Moscow Zoo, the Moscow Planetarium, the Museum of Interesting Sciences Experimentanium, the Biological Museum named after K. A. Timiryazeva. In 2015, the "Moskvarium" oceanarium was opened on the territory of VDNKh. A new world-class amusement park "Island of DreamWorks" is being built in the Nagatinsk floodland together with DreamWorks.

Moscow parks have been modernized and reconstructed recently, making them more convenient for walking with children due to developed infrastructure. Bicycle and rollercoaster rental is available in many parks. Also in 2015, more than 12 thousand playgrounds were repaired within the framework of the program of improvement in Moscow.

Zaradje Park

In 2019, Moscow won the World Travel Awards in the World’s Leading City Destination 2019 (Best Tourist Direction. City).

The Great Arena of Luzhnikov

There are many sports facilities in Moscow. Among them more than 200 swimming pools, about 40 sports palaces, over 30 stadiums, designed for more than 1500 seats, more than 20 indoor ice arenas, 2700 sports halls, about 150 children's and youth sports schools, cycling track and the world's only city-bound Olympic cycling route in Krylatsk. There are two rallies in Moscow for the races: Central Moscow Hippodrome and Bitza Konno-sporting Complex. Many of the sports facilities were built or reconstructed to host the XXII Summer Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980, including the Luzhniki and Olimpiysky complexes. From 1960 to 1994, the city had the largest outdoor swimming pool, Moscow.

In the 1990s, most of the major stadiums and sports complexes experienced bad times in their history and, as a rule, there were almost no sporting events; instead, there was a wholesale market on their territory, but now this practice is over, and the sports arenas have regained their original function. Some sports facilities became commercial fitness centers — such fate happened, for example, with pools "Pravda" and machine-building plant "Rassvet".

Basketball, handball and mini-football competitions are most often held in the CSKA UCA and in the "Dynamo" sports palaces in Krylatsk and Lavochkina Street. Swimming competitions and tennis tournaments are most often held in the Olympic complex or in Luzhniki. Hockey games are held in rather old palaces — MSA "Luzhniki", "Sokolniki" and LSK CSKA. In 2006 the Palace of Sports "Megasport" was opened, which in 2013 went for reconstruction.

Reconstruction of the territories and the "Dynamo" stadiums located there is also under way. E. Streltsova and "Luzhniki". In August 2014 the "Opening of the Arena" stadium was put into operation, in August 2016 - "Arena of CSKA", in 2017 the reconstruction of "Luzhniki" stadium was completed. Along with these stadiums, the Premier League is hosting another football stadium in Moscow, Lokomotiv.

In addition to the facilities providing the possibility of holding various events, the city has a large number of sports organizations, including such well-known football clubs as Dynamo, Lokomotiv, Spartak, Torpedo and CSKA; Hockey clubs - "Dynamo", "Spartak", CSKA; basketball clubs - "Dynamo" and CSKA; mini-football clubs - "Dynamo", "Dina", CSKA and KPRF.

In the second half of XX and in the first two decades of XXI century Moscow hosted the following major sports competitions and tournaments:

• Since 1967, the annual international ice hockey tournament "First Channel Cup", formerly known as "Izvestia Prize Tournament", has been held;
• In 1973 Summer Universiade was held in the city;
• In 1979 and in 2007 in Moscow held the World Ice Hockey Championship;
• In 1980, Moscow hosted the XXII Summer Olympic Games;
• In 1986, the First Goodwill Games were held in Moscow;
• The Kremlin Cup tennis tournament has been held since 1990;
• In 1998 the first World Youth Games were held in Moscow;
• In 1999 the UEFA Cup final was held at the Luzhniki stadium and in 2008 the UEFA Champions League final was held there;
• In 2005 and 2011, Moscow hosted the World Championships in figure skating;
• In 2013 passed the Rugby-7 World Cup;
• In 2013 in the city took place the World Championships in track and field;
• In 2016, Moscow, along with St. Petersburg, hosted the World Ice Hockey Championship.
• In 2017, Moscow hosted a number of football confederation cup games.
• In 2018, 12 of the 64 World Cup matches were held in Moscow, including the opening match and the final match. Two stadiums hosted matches: Luzhniki (7 matches) and Spartak (5 matches). A fan zone for fans was placed near the building of MGU during the tournament.

Tver street and hotel "Intourist" demolished in 2002 in the evening

Sculpture Work and collective farm on VDNK

Moscow is an important tourist center, attracting visitors to the preserved monuments of Russian architecture (some of which are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List), which is developing a modern entertainment infrastructure. The city has a large and growing network of hotels and hotels, and the world's major hotel brands are represented.

Scheduling

"The Moscow Capital City Plan" of 1830 from the "Full Assembly of Laws of the Russian Empire. Book of drawings and drawings. City plans."

Moscow has long been built with the use of radial-beam planning. Thus, the city consists of several streets coming from the center, including Tverskaya, and rings (3 transport - MKAD, Sadovoye, 3rd transport, as well as the Bulwark ring). The Moscow metro is built on the same principle — the Ring Line and the Moscow Central Ring have stations for transplanting on radial lines that link the center of Moscow to the outskirts, and the construction of the second underground ring of the metro is continuing.

One of the most important shopping streets in Moscow - Tverskaya - passes from Manezhnaya Square through the Tver district, crosses the Bulwark ring in the area of Pushkinskaya Square and ends on Triumphal Square. Its continuation — the 1st Tver-Yamskaya Street — passes to Leningrad Avenue near the Belarusian railway station.

Bridges

Moscow is located on the river Moscow, and smaller rivers run through the city territory, so the city has a large number of bridges. Most famous of them: Large Stone Bridge and Small Stone Bridge, Crimean Bridge, Picturesque Bridge.

Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

The historical center of Moscow is the Moscow Kremlin. Its present appearance of the wall and towers of the fortress was acquired in the XVII century. Today the Kremlin is the residence of the President of Russia, on its territory there are numerous temples and museums, the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

On the eastern side, the Kremlin is adjacent to the most famous square in the capital, the Red Square. It is surrounded by the Cathedral of Pokrov, the Middle Commercial Rounds, the GUM building, the Cathedral of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the Voskresenka Gate, leading to the Manezhnaya Square, the Historical Museum. The square is adjacent to the Nikolskaya, Senatskaya and the most famous - the Spasskaya Tower with the chickens. A necropolis (a memorial cemetery) and Lenin's mausoleum are erected near the Kremlin wall. Also on the territory of the square there is the Lobnoye place and the monument to Minin and Pozharsky. Except for special cases (transportation of high-ranking officials via the Spasskaya Gate, preparation for solemn events, preventive works, etc.) the square is available round the clock for residents and guests of the capital.

Near the Kremlin, in the Alexandrov Garden, at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, is the Post No. 1 of the Guard of Honor, the country's main guard post.

A panorama of the Moscow Kremlin: view of the Kremlin embankment.
The photo shows the towers (from left to right): Borovitskaya, Vodovzvozdnaya, Blagoveshchenskaya, Tainitskaya, First Nameless One, Second Nameless One, Petrovskaya, Beklemishevskaya.
The Great Kremlin Palace, the dome of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral and the bell tower of Ivan the Great rise above the walls.

Red Square

Monuments of architecture

Among the many sights of the city one can highlight a number of unique places and buildings, which are known worldwide. No doubt they include the Bolshoi Theater, the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the Tretyakov Gallery. It is impossible not to mention architectural monuments, which are considered to be UNESCO world heritage sites — Novodevichy monastery and Kolomenskoye manor house. The unique buildings are the hyperboloid structure of the Shukhov Tower and the Ostankino TV Tower, which has kept the status of the highest building in the world for eight years.

Under Yuri Luzhkov, Moscow lost many architectural and historical monuments due to their replacement with copies, such as copies of the hotel "Moscow", Voentorga in Vozdvizhenka. The cultural and historical environment of Moscow as a whole is under threat.

Ostankino TV Tower — TV and radio tower in Moscow

Regular television broadcasting in the city began in 1939. There are 24 television channels in the city, both federal and regional. All federal channels, except "Petersburg — Fifth Channel", broadcast from Moscow. Since 1980 in Moscow the programs from Leningrad began. Transmitters and antennas are used to relay television: Shabolovka, Ostankino, October field, Sofrino.

As of 2011, there were 57 radio stations in Moscow: 6 for FM and 51 for FM (radio channels, for 2017) in FM ranges (66-74, 88-108 MHz), SS: 612 and 738 kHz, DV: 153, 171, 198, and 261 kHz (discontinued), and CV - "RWM Time Reference": 4996, 9996 and 16996 MHz (medium, long and short waves). Most of them were broadcast from the Ostankino TV tower and from a radio tower in Balashikh. For comparison, there were 82 radio channels in New York.

Since 1702, Russia's first print newspaper Vedomosti (Vedomosti Moskovskie) has been published in Moscow and St. Petersburg. At present, there are a number of newspapers and magazines of various directions in Moscow — city-wide (informational, entertainment, advertising, etc.), district — newspapers of districts, districts and other municipalities.

The title of Honorary Citizen of Moscow was introduced in 1866, abolished after the October Revolution of 1917, restored in 1995. During the whole period of its existence, 24 times were awarded. Among those awarded this title were surgeon N. I. Pirogov, patron P. M. Tretyakov, Patriarch Alexi II and other prominent Muscovites.

Currently, the honorary citizen of Moscow is: composer A. N. Pakhomutova, builder V. E. Kopelev, scientist V. A. Sadovnichy and Soviet statesman V. I. Dolgich.

In Moscow and the suburbs, many large cultural and sports events, various exhibitions and festivals are held annually or every few years. Among the most famous and visited are: Moscow Auto Show, Moscow International Film Festival, Kremlin Cup, Arkh Moscow and International Aerospace Salon, held in near Moscow (Zhukovsky).

Two Delphi Games took place in Moscow — the international scale First (2000, Moscow) and the all-Russian scale XI (2012, Moscow).

Many Soviet, foreign and modern Russian composers and singers dedicated their songs to Moscow. In both Soviet and post-Soviet times, many films were filmed, the plot of which was unfolding in Moscow, and the viewer could see the city from the screen of a cinema or television. Many modern TV series are being filmed in Moscow.

In honor of Moscow is named asteroid (787) Moscow, opened on April 20, 1914 by the Russian astronomer Grigory Neuimin at the Simeizskaya Observatory.

On the opposite side of the Moon is the Sea of Moscow.

Moscow has many sister cities. Most of them appeared in the 1990’s.

The first sister cities were Berlin and Buenos Aires in 1990; a partnership with Vienna was established in 1956. In addition, Moscow has a partner city: Paris.

Comments

Sources

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• mos.ru​ (RUS)​ (ENG) — official site Moscow
• Moscow Tourist Portal (official)
• Shine the streets of Moscow... on the website "Gramota.ru"
• Map-linked photos of old Moscow
• Moscow - photos of different years
• Reference books All of Moscow of the XIX and XX century in the library of Tsarsky Selo